Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a efficient technology for wastewater treatment due to their ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms. To optimize the performance of these systems, several key factors need to be thoroughly considered. The se
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) system has emerged as a promising method for treating wastewater due to its ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids. MBRs combine the principles of biological treatment with membrane filtration, resulting in an efficient and versatile platform for water remediation. The func
Nanobubbles, tiny pockets of gas encapsulated within a liquid, are emerging as a revolutionary tool with immense potential across diverse fields. These constructs, often generated through unique methods, possess remarkable properties such as enhanced permeability. This inherent ability makes them ideal for a variety of applications, from enhancing